Perl Harbor :: essays papers

Perl HarborIn 1941, one of the largest American host defeats occurred. Anentire naval fleet was destroyed, hundreds were killed, all earlier09.00 on a Sunday. The US did not have any knowledge of this attack,partially because of ignorance, partially because of the militarystrategies of their Japanese opponents. The Japanese attack on the USnaval base of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, was a classic case ofIt will not happen to me Although the US suspected Japaneseactions, they did not take a defensive stance as they believed anattack would never touch their soil. Through an examination of militaryhistory, tactics and eye aver descriptions, it will be proven thatthe US had no knowledge of the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941.In the years before 1941, the struggle saw little American militaryaction. After the collapse of France, American PresidentRoosevelt promised his county that no American troops would besent to Europe to sanction in the battle against Hitler and hispowerf ul army. These promises caused Roosevelt to becriticized by his closest advisors for his indecisiveness aboutdeclaring contend . The Presidents defense to these accusationswas he did not want to out ill-use public opinion. As well, hebelieved American intervention would cause a mortal blow tothe Allies cause. In reality, the advisors, as well asRoosevelt, knew that Britain could not win the war withoutAmerican armed intervention. Two oceans to the East, Japan wasdeep into a war or her own. Japanese forces were concentratedon the Chinese front to conquer and obtain. As a result of herunpopular declaration of war on China, Japans fuel hand over fromthe US was eliminated. Consequently, the Japanese turned toIndonesia to continue the supply of fuel for her war efforts.Fuel talks broke down as the Dutch, who were in control of theIndonesian fuel supply and, under heavy influence from the US,would not supply Japan with fuel. Desperately needing fuel tocontinue the war, Japa n first thought of attacking Indonesia,but feared US intervention. After some thought, Japaneseleaders persistent that an attack directly on the US would be moreappropriate to bring the US to the fuel supplies negotiatingtable . The first acknowledgment that Japan was a war threatcame on November 27, 1941 when Washington ordered a WarWarning. The US feared a Japanese attack, not on America,but on the Philippines. American military leaders took littleor no precautions upon the issue of warning.

Hospice :: essays research papers

HospiceGeneral Purpose of the DepartmentAs we have learned, the hospice idea is not new. Literally implication "given tohospitality," hospices provided comfort, kindness, and nourishment to people inneed hundreds of years ago. Today, hospices offer comfort to people as theynear the end of lifes journey.Hospice is a special appearance of caring for people with terminal illnesses and theirfamilies. It is a multidisciplinary health supervise program that is responsiblefor palliative and supportive care with consideration of the patients andfamilies wishes. Hospice focuses on care, not cure.Hospice care is great because it provides many benefits that arent possiblein a traditional acute or long-term health care setting. within hospice, thefamily of the patient is directly regard in making decisions and helping theirloved one. Hospice also gives the patient to have a great amount of control bydeciding where they want to degenerate the rest of their lives. It can also helpm ake choices about advanced directives which we will discuss shortly.Major Functions of the DepartmentHospice is a very unique department because it truly looks at the "big picture"and treats a spectrum of patient needs equally. Special attention is given toPhysical needs - this is the first and foremost function. Within hospice youare dealing with a patient that has been given a diagnosis of having 6 months orless to live. For many patients, relieving pain through medication is animportant part of hospice care. I have provided you with a list of ways thatpatients are made more comfortable. A goal of hospice it to help patients usetheir physical abilities as fully as possible.Social Needs - Sometimes little things make all the difference to people.Although these patients may not be as active as before their illness, you cansee on your handout a list of things that they probably still enjoy. Hospicecan help to make these things happen, as well as provide assistance withpracti cal issues like putting finances in order.Emotional Needs Hospice can help patients cope with loneliness, isolation, andthe fear of being abandoned. This is outlined on your handout as to how thehospice staff accomplishes this. Hospice also helps friends and families of thepatient express their emotions through group and bereavement counseling.Spiritual Needs - the realization that a persons spiritualty is of a dailyconcern to the patient has led hospice care to this area. Hospice tries toorganize the types of care outlined on your handout. Members of the clergy canalso help family and friends who are in need of spiritual support.

The Challenges of Lesbian and Gay Youth Essay -- Lesbian Gay Teens Ado

The Challenges of Lesbian and Gay YouthThis research paper is missing the works cited The unprecedented growth of the aerial community in upstart history has transformed our culture and consciousness, creating radically new possibilities for people to come out and live more openly as homosexuals(Herdt 2). Before the 1969 Stonewall rampage in New York, homosexuality was a taboo subject. Research concerning homosexuality emphasized the etiology, treatment, and psychological adjustment of homosexuals. Times cod changed since 1969. Homosexuals have gained great assist in arts, entertainment, media, and politics. Yesterdays research on homosexuality has expanded to include trying to understand the different experiences and situations of homosexuals (Ben-Ari 89-90). Despite the transition, little consideration has been prone to understanding the growing population of gay adolescents. 25% of American families are likely to have a gay child (Hidalgo 24) In the United States, iii mi llion adolescents are estimated to be homosexual. Yet, American society still ignores gay adolescents. Majority of children are raised in heterosexual families, taught in heterosexual establishments, and effectuate in heterosexual peer groups. Gay adolescents often feel forced by parents to pass as heterosexually normal (Herdt 2). As a result, homosexual teens obnubilate their sexual orientation and feelings, especially from their parents. Limited research conducted on gay young adults on disclosure to parents broadly speaking suggests that disclosure is a time of familial crisis and emotional distress. Very few researchers argue that disclosure to parents results in happiness, bringing parents and children closer (Ben-Ari 90). The debate over homosexuality as nature or enhance dominates most topics about homosexuality. People often confuse the nature/nurture issue with the development of gay identity. In fact, the nature/nurture argument plays a small, insignificant role concer ning gay youths (Walling 11). Homosexual identity is the view of the self as homosexual in association with romantic and sexual situations (Troiden 46) Many researchers have either discussed or created several models or theories concerning the development of homosexual identity. However, the most prominent is Troidens sociological four-stage model of homosexual identity formation. Dr. Richard R. Troiden desc... ...Being kicked out from the place is another consequence of rejection by parents (Mallon, Wagon 83). Urban and rural Associate researchers discovered that many young male prostitutes are homosexual, and they are products of their families inability to stomach their sons homosexuality (Coleman 136).It would be wrong to say that only negative outcomes occur when a child tells his parents he is gay. Many children feel that in order to establish an safe relationship with their parents then they must come clean to them. Ben-Aris research points out those adolescents who want to be open and honest with their parents receive that after disclosure. Parents are usually accepting after time their childs sexual preference (107)ConclusionThis paper has effort to generally show youths growing up gay. A number of issues have been presented involving gay identity formation, parental interaction, and disclosure. Homosexuality is a very controversial subject. By no mean does this paper try to say that it is totally correct. However, the paper does examine logical theoretical ideas of what gay adolescents endure, using and combining research and reports of other gay studies.

Stories of Success in Salome Thomas-ELs Book, I Choose to Stay Essay

The book I Choose to Stay was written by Mr. Salome Thomas-EL. In it were short stories of success, which were his success stories, and the stories of the children, that he extremity touched and inspired. Mr. EL is an educator therefore, he wrote this book for its readers to know and eventually learn from his experiences as a student, a teacher, and a human being. every human being has his own unique genetic talents and abilities. One of these abilities is intelligence. Intelligence is the ability of a person to learn and understand. In the beginning of life, every human being was born with different levels of intelligence, but the level of intelligence that we acquire from birth doesnt entirely affect what we become or if we succeed or fail in life. This has been what Mr. EL instilled in his book. However, unmatched student who have read the book thought, that the message of the book was that smart flock succeed, while not-so-smart people fail. In my opinion, the students attit ude about the book is wrong, because our genetics doesnt determine our level of success. We succeed by being hard working and determined, by having commensurate time, and by having a set of people that would guide and support us as we grow. Skills and abilities are nothing compared to hard work and determination, and a positive attitude. It has been verbalise that if you want to achieve something you have to do your best to get it. You cant just sit around and wait for it to come. You have to work and subsist your life, for you to achieve it. Salome once told his students, If your mind can conceive and your heart can believe, you can achieve. In addition to these words, he said There is only one person capable of preventing you from reaching your goals, that person... ... if not because of the guidance and support of his teachers and especially his mother. The same thing applies to his students. His students became successful, because Mr. Salome Thomas-EL was a great teacher he cared, enlightened and channelize his students to the right path.All of us have God-given abilities. And this gift needs to be opened, cherished and nurtured for it to be of great help in our journey of life. To succeed in life, the first thing we need to have is determination. Once we have the determination, what we need to do next is to manage and treasure the time that has been given to us. And after we have achieved those, the third thing that we need to have is a firm and strong support system. When we have all these three things with us, it would be much easier for us to succeed. What we need to succeed are merely sugar, spice and everything nice.

The Birthmark :: essays research papers

Response Paper 2 The Birthmark1. Our society tends to be obsessed with the idea of physical perfection. How does our society manifest that obsession? How is the Birthmark an early version of our raw obsession with physical perfection?Our society has many ways of manifesting its obsession with physical perfection. In our society people go to extreme lengths to achieve perfection. The Birthmark, pen more than a century ago, is an early version of our modern obsession with physical perfection.Society manifests its obsession with physical perfection by having surgical procedures make on daily basis. These surgeries allow for almost any cosmetic transformation. For example a person can have anything from removing a birthmark to inserting breast implants to having a tummy tuck done on their body. Society manifests their obsession with physical perfection by having these procedures done to them. These procedures enable society to achieve perfection, much interchangeable Georgiana in th e Birthmark.In the Birthmark, a boloney that is more than a century old Georgiana and her husband Alymar are searching for physical perfection, much like we do today. In addition they manifested their obsession with physical perfection much like we do today. Georgiana was born with a crimson birthmark in the shape of a hand. This birthmark was on her heart. One day Georgiana discovers that this birthmark shocks her husband and he is deeply bothered by it. Georgiana finally realizes this after Alymar says Georgiana . . . has it ever occurred to you that the mark upon your cheek might be removed? After discussing the birthmark several times with her husband, a talented scientist, Georgiana decides to have it removed by him. It is never stated in full detail exactly how Alymar is going to remove this birthmark, we assume that it will be a surgical procedure. At one point in the story Georgina says to her husband If there be the remote possibility of it .

The Birthmark :: essays research papers

Response Paper 2 The Birthmark1. Our society tends to be obsessed with the base of natural graven image. How does our society manifest that obsession? How is the Birthmark an early version of our modern obsession with physiological perfection?Our society has many ways of manifesting its obsession with physical perfection. In our society people go to extreme lengths to achieve perfection. The Birthmark, written more than a century ago, is an early version of our modern obsession with physical perfection.Society manifests its obsession with physical perfection by having surgical procedures done on daily basis. These surgeries allow for almost any cosmetic transformation. For example a person can have anything from removing a birthmark to inserting breast implants to having a tummy tuck done on their body. Society manifests their obsession with physical perfection by having these procedures done to them. These procedures enable society to achieve perfection, much like Georgiana in the Birthmark.In the Birthmark, a story that is more than a century elderly Georgiana and her husband Alymar are searching for physical perfection, much like we do today. In addition they manifested their obsession with physical perfection much like we do today. Georgiana was born with a crimson birthmark in the shape of a hand. This birthmark was on her cheek. One day Georgiana discovers that this birthmark shocks her husband and he is deeply bothered by it. Georgiana finally realizes this after Alymar says Georgiana . . . has it ever occurred to you that the mark upon your cheek might be removed? After discussing the birthmark several times with her husband, a talented scientist, Georgiana decides to have it removed by him. It is never stated in full detail exactly how Alymar is going to remove this birthmark, we assume that it will be a surgical procedure. At one point in the story Georgina says to her husband If there be the remote possibility of it .

Women in the Workforce

Group 6 Janelle Maskulka, Hannah Reifer, Laura Welker, Andrea McNett Group Leader Hannah Reifer Scribe Janelle Maskulka Topic Women in the Workforce from the 1800- live Outline and Student Responsibilities Introduction Our group will discuss how women in the past had limited working rights but over time laws and bills were passed that allowed women to grow in the workplace. However still today women are not treated as equals to their male counterparts. 1. 1800s Andrea McNett Before/ Early 1800s little to no rights and strictly housewives industrial Revolution o Unmarried women worked in factories and moved to city o Ca utilise women to delay marriage/ less children Womens Rights o More Independent o Fought for equal wages ? Female Labor Reform Association in New England (1844) o Fought for education o Fought for voting The National American womanhood Suffrage Association (NAWSA) o Founded in 1840 o Mainly focused on womens right to vote Branched into two subdivisions ? National adult female Suffrage Association (NWSA) ? American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) Susan B. Anothony 2. 1900-1950 Hannah Reifer Employment in 1900 o Women only had 5% gainful employment outside of the theatre ? Woman self-imagine began to change Went from only wanting children and a husband to wanting to be employed o By 1910 this employment rate had increased to 11% Women in politics (voting rights) Also by 1910, only four states had equal women rights. ? These failures were partly due to people who believe that politics was no place for women Womens Suffrage Amendment (1920) (NAWSA) o 19th amendment o Cant base the write to vote off of sex The Great Depression (1930s) o require married women to work ? Legislature passed in 26 states World War II (1939-1945) o Brought major change to women in the workforce o manpower went to war o 6 million to a greater extent women engraveed into the workforce o Some women didnt want to work Rosie the Riveter We Can Do It was used as motivation o As soon as the war was over men returned to jobs women were laid off By 1947 women began to once again enter the workforce By 1950 31% of women in the United States were employed and working 3. 1950- 2000 Laura Welker Roots of the Revolution (1950-1970s) o Warning signs of a revolution, change in womens expectations of employment Women began to see themselves as going to college and perhaps even graduate school o Working mothers and wives was slowly becoming more common sedate Revolution (1970-2000s) Woman enrollment in colleges and grad schools increased dramatically o Women began to studying fields men were typically professionalized in such as medicine, law and dentistry More women were now expected to go to college and join the workforce by age 35, where in the past women were supposed to be in the home and raise the children 4. 2000s Janelle Maskulka Almost half of the workforce today is made up of women (46%) Major women in the workforce today o Op rah o Condoleezza Rice o Hillary Clinton Major changes since 1900s o Bypassing men in management positions Staying with employers longer than men However, men still continue to make more money o . 76% higher wages than women Conclusion (Group collaboration/ Input of tying up loose ends) Over time and history women go worked hard to gain rights in and out of the workforce. If we continue to work in the same direction and gain more and more rights we will see more results such as equal pay compared to men, more women in the management and CEO positions, in turn breaking the glass ceiling and the barrier betwixt men and women in the workforce, which is the overall goal.

European Union Law Coursework

Below are the Instructions for the completion and submission of the coursework as well as for receiving feedback. These are also available on StudySpace (In the folder assignments). l. Coursework Instructions Answer the following question It follows that the evolutionary nature of the doctrine of supremacy is necessarily bi- dimensional. superstar dimension is the elaboration of the parameters of the doctrine by the European Court.But Its full reception, the second dimension, depends on its incorporation into the constitutional orders of the section States and its affirmation y their supreme courts. Joseph Weller, The partnership System the Dual Character of Supranationalism (1981) 1 (1 ) Yearbook of European Law 267-306. With reference to case-law, and to the current situation In at least two Member States, explain and critically analyse this statement. What implications would the Member States reluctance to incorporate the doctrine of supremacy into their constitutional orders h ave for the consistency and effectiveness of EU law? supreme word limit 2500 words.The bibliography and footnotes do not count as part of the maximum page limit. it. Assessment criteria The marking criteria are Included in poring over Law at Kingston and are available on StudySpace (In assignments). In accordance with these criteria, the following factors will be taken Into account In prize a mark for this coursework understanding of the legal principles and Issues involved profoundness and breadth of knowledge and Intellectual understanding ability to review critically the legal position, (where appropriate) depth and breadth of research cltatlon 0T autnorltles ana materlals presentation iii.Plagiarism Please note the University policy on plagiarism, and ensure that the work is original ork that is entirely your knowledge. Copying or allowing someone else to write your work is cheating and you will be subject to the University disciplinary regulations. The best way to avoid a cademic misconduct or plagiarism is to use your own words, do not cut and paste from other work, and to ensure that you reference properly the sources you have used in your assignment.Please note all assignments are automatically submitted to the Turnitin plagiarism detection software the video on the following link is an approachable session on how to avoid plagiarism http//www. youtube. om/ watch? v=1yYf8Aihndl lv. Referencing Referencing is inbred for good academic writing. Please ensure you read the relevant section in your Studying Law at Kingston that refers you to the Oxford Standard for the Citation of good Authorities (OSCOLA), available online at http// www. law. ox. c. uk/published/OSCOLA_4th_edn. pdf Through the following link you can complete a referencing tutorial produced by Cardiff University https//ilrb. cf. ac. uk/ citingreferences/oscola/tutorial/ each(prenominal) materials consulted in writing your essay should be included in the bibliography. The bibliograp hy and footnotes do not count as part of the maximum page limit. v. BLASC BLASC is a serve offering students at all levels one to one help and advice on the academic skills needed to produce their written coursework.Information on this is available in the online magnetic variation of the handbook (available on StudySpace in the folder information). v. Submitting your work and receiving feedback Please note that computer failure is not an excuse for missing a coursework deadline.

Financing

On this basis, CDC has set a real foundation as one of the largest (by both sales and production value) confectionery companies in Vietnam and aims to supplement through expansion of our reach and product dodging into daily use products to become one of the largest food & beverage companies in Vietnam. The over both goal is to impinge on the daily demands of our consumers. Vision FLAVOR YOUR LIFE CDC creates lifes flavor through wholesome, healthy, nutritious and convenient foods. Mission Kids mission for consumers is to identify, anticipate and meet the demands of our consumers with food, flavor and beverage products.This includes the menstruum range of products and looks to expand further into beverages, condiments, instant foods, surgical procedureed foods, eats and health supply to become a full range, food & beverage company. Our goal is to tender products that atomic number 18 market leading in quality, healthy, satisfying and conveniently available all our consumers. Financial As predicted, 2012 has proven to be a very contest year for the country as a whole and bank linees in particular. GAP growth was lower than expected, inflation remained high and consumer confidence and purchasing index number were cut back to marginal growth levels.These factors resulted in making it difficult for all artes to realize their growth strategies, including us at CDC. However, notwithstanding very challenging economic surroundings of the past 12 months, CDC let successfully completed Stage Three of our four part growth strategy. CDC aimed for Profitability through Efficiencies, and they realized that objective in 2012. However we are not stopping there. They are continuing to channel our resources into our core food business and invest in our distribution and supply arrange networks.Our primary goal continues to be striving for ameliorate efficiencies which feces drive gain ground by achieving optimal operating performance. To date, our results in this area have been impressive. They generated a profit of VEND 490 billion in 2012 as against VEND 349 billion the previous year. Significantly, our ROE increased from 7. 2% to 9. 1%. II. THE BODY Financial history system is concerned with traverseing to external parties such as owners, analysts, and creditors. These external users rarely have access to the teaching that is internal to the organization, nor do they specify the exact training that get out be presented.Instead, they essentialiness rely on the general reports presented by the company. Therefore, the reporting structure is well defined and standardized. The ethos of preparation and the reports presented are governed by rules of mingled standard-setting organizations. Further more, external users generally see altogether summarized or aggregated data. In contrast, coachs of a business oftentimes need or desire far more detailed entropy. This tuition can sometimes meet on familiar formats. Subsequent chap ters will reveal typical examples of budgets, segment income reports, and so forth.A fundamental sentiency of the financial invoice processes and resulting financial statements is a vital prerequisite to checking the framework for these typical coach-and-fourial accounting reports. In addition, handlers usually request reports that are tailored to specific decision- making tasks. These reports are apt to become more free formed. Managerial accountants must be able to adapt their generalized familiarity of accounting to develop customized data and reports that are logical and support sound attention processes. Managerial accounting learning tends to be tensioned on products, departments, and activities.It needs crosses over a broad(a) range of functional areas including marketing, finance, and other disciplines. Many organizations refer to their internal accounting units as departments of strategic enhance, crock upn their wide backdrop of duties. Managerial accounting culture is ultimately based on internal specifications for data accumulation and presentation. These internal specifications should be cleared and consistent. Great care must be taken to insure that resulting reports are sufficiently logical to modify unsloped decisions. Specific reporting periods may be replaced with real-time data that enable quick response.And, forecasted outcomes become critical for political programning. Further, toll information should be disseminated in a way that handlers can focus on their business components segments. . Features of useful concern accounting information in CDC. The features are required in order for centering accounting information to be useful, mainly in making decisions. The information must be relevant, apprehensible, timely, comparable, reliable and complete and last with cost benefits features. A) Relevant. The management needs to look at lone(prenominal) the relevant information. The information must be relevant to decisio n making in process.We can understand simple, relevant information is a part of information that consequences in different decision being make for a particular activity. The piece of information have to be able to effect decision that has to be made. Relevance accounting information is the compilation of a companys financial dealings. CDC present accounting information to internal and external business stakeholders for creation decisions. Relevant to investors, creditors, and others for investment funds, credit, and similar decisions, accounting information must be surefooted of making dissimilarity in a decision.Relevant in sequence should have predictive value, feedback value, and timeliness. Relevant information helps decision makers make predictions about future it has prognosticative Value. Relevant information also helps decision makers confirm or accurate previous prospect it has Feedback Value Most companies must present accounting information according to national account ing standards generally accepted accounting principles (GAP) symbolize the most trustworthy accounting standards.GAP requires accounting information to include qualitative characteristics on which business stakeholders can rely. B) Understandable. The second feature of management accounting information is that it can be undersas welld by the user of the information. The information clear, simple and tardily understood by the manager. This is because most managers do not have a financial or accounting background. Therefore, it is conjectural for the management accountant to use simple equipment casualty that can be understood by the management to guarantee that the information is used to make accurate decisions.Long winded information will only be puzzling and may cause erroneous decisions to be made. This implies the expression, with clarity, of accounting information in such a way that it will be understandable to users who are generally assumed to have a reasonable knowledge o f business and economic activities Accounting information and financial tenements should be prepared in such a way as to facilitate understanding by users of the financial statements. Information about complex matters should be presented, if key or material.Users of information and financial statements are assumed to have a reasonable knowledge of business, economy, and accounting and to be willing to study information to gain a reasonable level of financial expertise. C) Timely. A piece of information is Just useful to the management if it is received in a timely manner. If Kids the management accounting information is received late, the crystallize actions cannot be taken or the decision made will no longer be of value. D) Comparable. Accounting information must be comparable. Kids management accounting information is often used by the management to make comparisons.Accounting information and financial statements should be equipped in such a way as to assist assessment of entity information during time and also alongside information from different, but similar, entities. Comparability results when different enterprises apply the same accounting management to similar events. Compliance with international accounting standards helps to enhance comparability. ) Reliable and Complete. KIDS management accounting information is always associated with the future. However, it cannot be 100% accurate. It only has to be accurate for a decision within a relevant range.Thus, important and useful information during particular period cannot be left out. This is to ensure that the information is reliable as well as complete. Reliability is the quality of information that authorized users to depend on it with assurance. This means it is verifiable, has faithful representation, and is reasonably free of errors and bias. part closeness refers to resplendence or agreement between a measure or description and the phenomenon that it purports to represent. That means the number s and imagery represent what really existed or happened.Accounting information and financial statements should be prepared in such a way that they are free from material error and bias. That is that CDC represent faithfully that which they all hold themselves out to represent or could be reasonably expected to represent. F) With Cost- benefit Features. Kids the preparation of information will certainly incur cost such as the costs of collecting, analyzing and considering the data obtained. Thus, it is important that the information can bring returns that cover the costs involved. In other words, the value of the information obtained must be more than the costs of obtaining it.The information must be useful before it can produce results. All in all, the accounting information is too particular, will enlarge the risk of investor decision- making, therefore the formation of the happening of internal control is leap to influence the entire neat market competence and capital market fi nancing capacity. Thus, accounting information must allow the reader to recognized, so that it can be used properly. 2. Planning. CDC must plan for success. What does it mean to plan? It is about deciding on a course of action to reach a desired outcome. Planning must occur at all levels.First, it occurs at the high level of setting strategy. It then moves to broad-based thought about how to establish an optimum position to maximize the potential for realization of goals. Finally, planning must give thoughtful consideration to financial realities/ constraints and anticipated monetary outcomes (budgets). A business organization may be made up of many individuals. These individuals must be orchestrated to work together in harmony. It is important that they share and understand the organizational plans. In short, everyone needs to be on the same page. As such, clear communication is imperative. ) Strategy CDC should invest considerable time and effort in developing strategy. Employees, harried with day-to-day tasks, sometimes fail to see the need to take on strategic planning. It is difficult to see the linkage between strategic endeavors and the day-to- day corporate activities associated with delivering goods and services to nodes. But, strategic planning ultimately defines the organization. Specific strategy setting can take many forms, but generally includes elements pertaining to the definition of ore determine, mission, and objectives. Core values An entity should clearly consider and define the rules by which it will play.Core values can cover a broad spectrum involving concepts of fair play, human dignity, ethics, employment/promotion/ compensation, quality, customer service, environmental awareness, and so forth. If CDC does not cause its members to understand and focus on these important elements, it will soon find participants becoming solely profit-centric. This behavior leads to a short-term focus and potentially dangerous practices that may admi t the seeds of self-destruction. Remember that management is to throw business value by making the right decisions, and decisions about core values are essential.Be aware that the Institute of perplexity Accountants (AMA) is a representative root for the managerial accounting profession. The IMAM has established a set of honorable standards for its members that are part of the core values for the profession. Imams overarching ethical principles include Honesty, Fairness, Objectivity, and Responsibility. Many IMAM members have earned the CAM (certified management accountant) and CFML (certified financial manager) designations. These certificates represent significant competencies in managerial accounting and financial management skills, as well as a pledge to follow the ethical precepts of the MA.Mission CDC attempt to prepare a pithy statement about their mission. Such mission statements deliver the goods a snapshot of CDC and provide a focal point against which to match ideas a nd actions. They provide an important planning element because they define Kids purpose and operateion. Interestingly, some organizations have avoided mission, in fear that it will limit opportunity for expansive thinking. For example, General Electric specifically states that it does not have a mission statement, per SE. Instead, its operating doctrine and business objectives are clearly articulated each year in the Letter to Shareowner, Employees and Customers.In some sense, though, Gees tag line reflects its mission imagination at work. peradventure the subliminal mission is to pursue opportunity wherever it can be found. As a result, GE is one of the worlds most diversified entities in terms of the range of products and services it offers. Overall, the strategic structure of CDC is established by how well it defines its values and purpose. But, how does the managerial accountant help in this process? At archetypical lance, these strategic issues seem to be broad and without a ccounting context.But, information is ask about the returns that are being generated for investors this accounting information is necessary to determine whether the profit objective is being achieved. Actually, though, managerial accounting goes much deeper. For example, how are core values policed? Consider that someone must monitor and provide information on environmental compliance. What is the most effective method for handling and properly disposing of hazardous waste? Are there alternative products that may cost more to espouse but cost less to dispose? What system must be established to record and track such material?All of these issues require accountability. As another example, ethical codes likely deal with bidding procedures to obtain the best prices from capable suppliers. What controls are needed to monitor the purchasing process, provide for the best prices, and audit the quality of procured goods? All of these issues quickly evolve into internal accounting tasks. B ) Positioning. An important part of the planning process is positioning CDC to achieve its goals. Positioning is a broad concept and depends on gathering and evaluating accounting information.Costumer/Profit analysis and scalability A subsequent chapter will cover cost/volume/profit analysis. It is imperative for managers to understand the nature of cost behavior and how changes in volume impact advantageousness. Methods include calculating break-even points and determining how to manage to achieve target income levels. Managerial accountants study business models and the ability (or inability) to bring them to profitability via increases in scale. Global Trade and Transfer The management accountant frequently performs significant and complex analysis related to globose activities.This requires in-depth research into laws about tariffs, taxes, and shipping. In addition, global enterprises may transfer inventory and services between affiliated units in alternative countries. These transactions must be fairly measured to establish reasonable transfer prices (or potentially run afoul of tax and other rules of various countries involved). Once again, the management accountant is called to the task. brand / Pricing / Sensitivity / Competition In positioning a companys products and services, considerable thought must be given to branding and its impact on the business.To build a brand requires considerable investment with an uncertain payback. Frequently, the same product can be positioned as an elite brand via a large investment in up-front advertising, or as a basic consumer product that will depend upon low price to drive sales. What is the correct undertake? Information is needed to make the decision, and management will likely enlist the internal accounting staff to prepare prospective information based upon alternative scenarios. Likewise, product price decisions must be balanced against costs and competitive market conditions.And, sensitivity analysis is needed o determine how sales and costs will react to changes in market conditions. Decisions about positioning Kids products and services are quite complex. The prudent manager will need considerable data to make good decisions. Management accountants will be directly involved in providing such data. They will usually work side-by-side with management in helping correctly interpret and utilize the information. It is worthwhile for a good manager to study the basic principles of managerial accounting in order to better understand how information can be effectively utilized in the decision process. Budgets. A necessary planning component is budgeting. Budgets outline the financial plans for an organization. There are various types of budgets. Kids budgeting process must take into account ongoing operations, capital expenditure plans, and corporate financing. in operation(p) Budgets A plan must provide definition of the anticipated revenues and expenses of CDC, and more. Operating bu dgets can become fairly detailed. The process usually begins with an assessment of anticipated sales and proceeds to a detailed mapping of specific inventory purchases, staffing plans, and so forth.These budgets oftentimes delineate allowable levels of expenditures for various departments. Capital Budgets The budgeting process must also contemplate the need for capital expenditures relating to new facilities and equipment. These longer-term expenditure decisions must be evaluated logically to determine whether an investment can be Justified and what rate and duration of payback is likely to occur. Financial Budgets CDC must assess financing needs, including an valuation of potential cash shortages. These estimates enable companies to meet with lenders and demonstrate why and when additional financial support may be needed.The budget process is quite important (no matter how tedious the process may seem) to the viability of an organization. Several of the subsequent chapters are dev oted to the nature and elements of sound budgeting. 3) Directing. There are many good plans that are never realized. To realize a plan requires the initiation and direction of numerous actions. Often, these actions must be well coordinated and timed. Resources must be ready, and authorizations need to be in place to enable persons to act according to the plan. By analogy, imagine that a composer has written a beautiful score of music.For it to come to life requires all members of the orchestra, and a conductor who can bring the orchestra into synchronization and harmony. Likewise, the managerial accountant has a major role in moving business plans into action. Information systems must be developed to allow management to maneuver the organization. Management must know that inventory is available when needed, productive resources (people and machinery) are scheduled appropriately, transportation systems will be available to deliver output, and so on. In addition, management must be re ady to demonstrate compliance with contracts and regulations.These are complex tasks which cannot occur without vigorous information resources provided by management accountants. Managerial accounting supports the guiding function in many ways. Areas of support include costing, production management, and special analysis. A) Costing. A strong manager must understand how costs are captured and assigned to goods and services. This is more complex than most people realize. Costing is such an grand part of the management accounting function that many people refer to management accountants as cost accountants. But, cost accounting is only a subset f managerial accounting applications.Cost accounting can be defined as the collection, assignment, and interpretation of cost. Subsequent chapters introduce alternative costing methods. It is important to know the cost of products and services. The ideal approach to capturing costs is dependent on what is being produced. Costing Methods In so me settings, costs may be captured by the Job costing method. CDC might consider tracing costs and assigning them to activities (e. G. , training, client development, and so forth ). Then, an allocation model can be used to attribute selected activities to a Job.Such activity-based costing systems are particularly well suited to situations where overhead is high, and/or a variety of products and services are produced. Costing Concepts In addition to alternative methods of costing, a good manager will need to understand different theories or concepts about costing. In a general sense, these approaches can be described as absorption and direct costing concepts. Under the absorption concept, a product or service would be assigned its full cost, including amounts that are not easily identified with a particular item, such as overhead items moieties called burden.Overhead can include facilities depreciation, utilities, maintenance, and many other similar shared costs. With absorption co sting, this overhead is schematically allocated among all units of output. In other words, output absorbs the full cost of the productive process. Absorption costing is required for external reporting purposes under generally accepted accounting principles. round managers are aware that sole reliance on absorption costing numbers can lead to bad decisions. As a result, internal cost accounting processes in CDC focus on a direct costing approach.With direct costing, a unit of output will be assigned only its direct cost of production (e. G. , direct materials, direct labor, and overhead that occurs with each unit produced). Future chapters examine differences between absorption and direct costing. B) Production. Successfully directing an organization requires prudent management of production. Because this is a hands-on process, and frequently involves dealing with the tangible portions of the business (inventory, fabrication, assembly, etc. ), some managers are especially focused on this area of oversight.Managerial accounting provides numerous tools for managers to use in support of production and logistics (moving goods through production to a customer). To generalize, production management is about running a lean business model. This means that costs must be minimized and efficiency maximized, while seeking to achieve enhanced output and quality standards. In the past few decades, advances in technology have greatly contributed to the ability to run a lean business. Product fabrication and assembly have been improved through virtually error-free robotics.Accountability is handled via comprehensive software that tracks an array of data on a real-time basis. These enterprise resource packages are extensive in their power to deliver specific query- based information for CDC. BOB (business to business) systems provide data interchange with sufficient power to enable Kids information system to automatically founder a product order on its vendors information sys tem. Logistics is facilitated by radio frequency identification processors embedded in inventory that enable a calculator to automatically track the quantity and location of inventory.MM (machine to machine) enables connected devices to communicate information without requiring human engagement. These developments ultimately enhance CDC efficiency and the living standards of customers who benefit from better and cheaper products. But, despite their robust power, they do not replace human decision making. Managers must pay attention to the information being produced, and be ready to adjust business processes in response. Inventory For a manufacturing CDC inventory may consist of raw materials, work in process, and finished goods.The raw materials are the components and parts that are to be eventually processed into a final product. Work in process consists of goods that are actually under production. Finished goods are the completed units awaiting sale to customers. all(prenominal) category will require special consideration and control. Failure to properly manage any category of inventory can be disastrous. Overstocking raw materials or overproduction of finished goods will increase costs and obsolescence. Conversely, out-of-stock situations for raw materials will silence the production line.Failure to have goods on hand might result in lost sales. Subsequent chapters cover inventory management. Popular techniques include Just-in-time inventory management and economic order quantity. Responsibility Considerations Enabling and motivating employees to work at peak performance is an important managerial role. For this to occur, employees must perceive that their productive efficiency and quality of output are fairly measured. A good manager will understand and be able to explain to others how such measures are determined.Direct productive processes must be supported by many service departments (maintenance, engineering, accounting, cafeterias, etc. ). These ser vice departments have nothing to sell to outsiders, but are essential components of operation. The costs of service departments must be recovered for a business to survive. It is piano for a production manager to focus solely on the area under direct control and ignore the costs of support tasks. Yet, good management decisions require full consideration of the costs of support services.Many alternative techniques are used by managerial accountants to allocate responsibility for CDC costs. A good manager will understand the need for such allocations and be able to explain and Justify them to employees who may not be fully aware of why profitability is more difficult to achieve than it would seem. In addition, techniques must be utilized to capture the cost of quality, or perhaps better aid, the cost of a want of quality. Finished goods that do not function as promised cause substantial warranty costs, including rework, shipping, and scrap.There is also an extreme long-run cost asso ciated with a lack of customer satisfaction. Understanding concepts of responsibility accounting will also require one to think about attaching inputs and outcomes to those responsible for their ultimate disposition. In other words, a manager must be held accountable, but to do this requires the ability to monitor costs incurred and deliverables produced by defined areas of accountability (centers of responsibility). This does not happen by accident and requires extensive systems development work, as well as training and explanation, on the part of management accountants. ) Analysis. Certain business decisions have recurrent themes whether to outsource production and/or support functions, what level of production and pricing to establish, whether to accept special orders with private label branding or special pricing, and so forth. Managerial accounting provides theoretical models of calculations that are needed to support these types of decisions. Although such models are not perf ect in every case, hey certainly are effective in stimulating correct thought. The seemingly obvious answer may not always yield the truly correct or best decision.Therefore, subsequent chapters will provide incursion into the logic and methods that need to be employed to manage these types of business decisions. 4) Controlling. Things rarely go exactly as planned, and management must make a conjunct effort to monitor and adjust for deviations. The managerial accountant is a major facilitator of this control process, including exploration of alternative corrective strategies to remedy unfavorable situations. In addition, a recent trend is for enhanced internal controls and mandatory certifications by Coos and Scoffs as to the accuracy of financial reports.These certifications carry penalties of perjury, and have gotten the attention of corporate executives. This has led to greatly expanded emphasis on controls of the various internal and external reporting mechanisms. CDC has a pe rson designated as controller (sometimes termed comptroller). The controller is an important and consider position within CDC also the largest corporations. CDC control function is of sufficient complexity that a controller may have hundreds of purport personnel to assist with all phases of the management accounting process.As this persons title suggests, the controller is primarily responsible for the control task providing leadership for the entire cost and managerial accounting functions. In contrast, the chief(prenominal) financial officer (SCOFF) is usually responsible for external reporting, the treasury function, and general cash flow and financing management. In CDC, one person may help a dual role as both the SCOFF and controller. Larger organizations may also have a separate internal audit group that reviews the work of the accounting and treasury units.Because internal auditors are reporting on the effectiveness and integrity of other units within a business organizati on, they usually report directly to the highest levels of corporate leadership. A) Monitor. Begin by thinking about controlling a car. Steering, acceleration, and braking are not random they are careful corrective responses to never-ending monitoring of many variables like traffic, road conditions, and so forth. Clearly, each action is in response to having monitored conditions and adopted an adjusting response. Likewise, business managers must rely on taxonomical monitoring tools to maintain awareness

Blood Brothers Essay

It feels like he is this omnipotent organism and he is deciding the fate of all the children. Its almost as if he is the emotion that e genuinelyone wants to avoid but no one is doing whatsoeverthing ab fall out it, Mrs Johnstone carries on in her life pretending that she isnt superstitious and although there is this undying vox inside her saying that she is and one day rice paddy and Edward atomic number 18 going to die. This voice is what the Narrator is, he is fate and Mrs Johnstone chooses to ignore it but she knows you kittyt change fate.On the stage he is al ways there, he is omnipresent, this constant being there shows that the thoughts of Mrs Johnstone are soothe there and that nonhing you do allow undo the past. Mrs Johnstone has to live with the decision of what she has done but she chooses to ignore it. The Narrator can be berthed upon as the referee of life (or as you might immortal), you know the rules and now you stand to follow the rules (the superstition) bu t Mrs Johnstone turns a blind eye, for baffles about it and pretends that it will never happen, but she essential follow the rules. mischief Prejudice is a fixed opinion, which is not based on a fair examination of the facts. The picture with the black and color boy and the so-called magical thump (simply because we dont know what it is) is a base of which many different scenes can be produced and discussions can take place. The children come across as innocent, perhaps that they have no reason to be disadvantage against each other but through past happenings (lynching in America and the KKK) their parents want them to be prejudice to supposable keep them from harm.It shows that possibly prejudice to this degree is only set in motion if something terrible happens by a specific type of pot (the KKK killing black people) and that when it comes d feature to it the people themselves are not the akin as the people who have done this feat. Suppose that everyone in the world was whi te and everyone was the same religion, height, age etc. but despite this the KKK would exist and the lynching would still go on people would find another way to view disputes, where you live or even your surname.My point is that I think its human nature to take a dislike against different people, if you look back hundreds of eld and people lived in remote places (tribes for example) and a tribe moved to join another tribe, because the new tribe is different it presents its self with a new variable, that it could menace the well-being of the original tribe. So this original tribe will try and eliminate this variable (driving them away or even killing them) to stop it from harming their own tribe.You can translate this to the black people moving into America and the white people living there trying to protect them by getting release of any new possible threat. paddy field and Edwards first meeting and an evaluation of two assorts Francis (me), Jamie and Barry There was a nice mi me of the gun from me as I sat on the apron of the stage. It was good because the gun I do in my hands by pointing one of my fingers out and it looked as though it was a gun because it took the form of a gun well.We did some good school even though we had only one lesson to get it done in. It was good work because we learnt most of our words and got the blocking sorted. The giggling after the F word was good because it was very childish because I and Jamie looked as if we were embarrassed. My body language was good, my arms movements were hyperbolize and typical of a cardinal year old because that is how the act with their arms. Even though Jamie lost his place in the play, he didnt come out of lawsuit and got back on tracks very quickly.Very good facial and body language from all of use and especially me, me and Jamies facial expressions matched seven year olds expressions and Barrys face showed that he was pissed off and he acted as though he was the boss by talking louder a nd demanding respect.We could of have better by thoroughly learning the script and concentrating more on our actions. James and Richard Both of them learnt the script and did not lose their place or forget their words.They didnt fully use their hand movement so they couldnt act exactly as a seven year old would because people at that age use their hands. When they said the F word they looked as though they were very excited and embarrassed. They looked like this because they acted as young people would when they heard a naughty word they did this by having wide eye and giggling immensely. When James said pissed off it was well done because it sounded as though he real was pissed off.Only on one incident did James forget his words, but nether the less he still kept in character and sorted it out by referring to the script. What I have learnt about the class differences between the twins I have learnt that Edwards class is most believably upper class either this or they are very ric h middle class people. I have learnt that Mrs and Mr Lyons have a highly etiquette way of living, for example they do not allow swearing of any form whereas with Mrs Johnstones way of living swearing occurs frequently. paddy fields class is probably lower class, which is they do not have a large amount of money or income. She has many children and works very hard for Mrs Lyons but still does not get a large income. I have learnt that its most likely that Mrs Johnstones family expresses their emotions more often than Mrs Lyons family this could be because Mrs Johnstone does not have as much material possessions compared with Mrs Lyons so she spends more time in her free time with her kids.On the contrast Mrs Lyons has many material possessions so she doesnt spend that much time with Edward because hes playing with his toys (for example). The changing bearings between paddy field and Edward Through the play the twins attitude changes in aspects of their lives, for example them bein g blood brothers forever and the relationship between each other. When they were both seven years old they took delight in intimate that they were born on the same day, furthermore they made each other their blood brother.They were both immensely thrilled by this new bond they made and longed to be like each other. However when they grew older their views on being a blood brother changed, especially for Mickey who grows up and realises that he preliminary action of becoming a blood brother is childs play. He says that while no one was looking I grew up, and I think that because of his harsh life with not much money he stops believing in the childish act and starts realizing that he has to open his eyes and stop playing games.However with Edward he hasnt got a single worry in his life because he has lots of money a good social life and really not many initial problems at all so because of this he still believes in this blood brother tug because he hasnt grown up and found out what the world was really like. He still lives in a pampered world where anything he wants (and because he is an only child he is spoilt) he gets, he can afford to play games and Mickey cant. Edward doesnt realize no important a job is, whywhy is a job so important because he can live off his parent income if he wants to, but Mickey knows that without a job hell have no money and because he mum cant afford extra school he cant get the grades to get a good job. Mickeys attitude towards life changes the most, when he was seven he saw everything as a game and didnt have any real problem to worry about. Although as he grows up he realises that he needs money and a steady income and him being a blood brother with Edward is just a childrens game.On the other hand Edward has gone to university, he can use his parents money to give him anything he wants and he hasnt yet realised what life is really like when your throw in the deep end without any support, so because of this his attitude of bein g a blood brother hasnt changed dramatically. How we acted these changes out We acted out the first time Mickey and Edwards first meeting, this showed that they are immensely fascinated with each other and wanted to be just like each other, furthermore on top of this they are born on the same day and become blood brothers.To show further how this friendship was good I wrote a monologue showing how Edward was dumfounded with Mickeys knowledge and who he is and that he wants to play and be friends and blood brothers forever. Later on in the play where the most time and the most dramatic difference was noticeable where they had spent the most time away form each other was when Edward got back to Mickey from university. We acted this out in a store and showed that Mickey was extremely livid by his job and Edwards fortune.Edward had friends he had money and he had just come back from university and he had a great time, whereas Mickey was just working for minimal pay putting together car dboard boxes. When we see Edward and Mickey meet for the first time Mickey expresses that he hasnt grown up and he makes him sick. Mickey has put up with so much when Edward was at university and his nerves were stretched to breaking point and as before long as the person who is most like him in the world comes home and sees that he is doing very well, he snaps mentally. I think that this is why he is squeeze into taking drugs.We acted this difference out by showing that Mickey was very angry and livid by the thought of Edward and that he saw him self as a failure, no job and even when he had one it was a very poor job, and Edward doing extremely well makes him feel even worse. The workshop During the workshop I learnt that communicate and hand movements are very important to express emotions and that it isnt all through the voice. I learnt that you can use swear words, gesture and actions which provoke something in the audience but only once or twice because after a couple of ti mes it doesnt have the same effect that it has the first time.I learnt to know that when your on the stage its your stage no one elses so you do not have to rush what you are saying because you are the one on stage and nobody is their to take it away space between what you are saying. Also that when Mickey is angry and listing all the things that he is angry about I know that it is a good idea to rise in anger as you progress, because Mickey thinks of one thing which makes him angry then he says another and he knows that there are many things that he is angry about so it topples on top of all the things he is angry or upset about in one frame of mind.In the workshop I learnt that you must always try your best if you want to become an actor (or any other profession) and that if you have an ambition, you should pursue it fully. The best performance When the people in our group performed I thought that Ned performed well although there is only one criticism I can offer. His charisma on the stage is very good he projects his voice and shows very well what the character is feeling.When he was playing Mickey and expressing how Mickey felt about his life he did it in such a way that you felt very sympathetic towards him me must have emphasised a lot to understand what he feeling. The only criticism I can make is that when he acts as though he is upset or angry he tends to do it all the same. His acting at expressing those emotions are very good but he tends to do the same acting for different characters. I just feel that not everybody is angry or upset in the same way, there are many different ways of being angry so I think he should a larger variant of different ways of expressing different emotions.

Identify the regulations and requirements relevant Essay

Learning Outcome 1 Understand the principles and practices of assessment 1.4 Identify the regulations and requirements applicable to the assessment in give area of practice Our policies for management of assessment evidence eg portfolios, assessment records, observation records, physical evidence, learner and witness statements management of assessment records, are all in accordance with the Data Protection Act (2003). We use the Acts mandatory guidelines to help us protect the personal data we hold and/ or process. All work and information is processed fairly and lawfully and obtained and employ only for specified and lawful purposes. It is made clear to the students that we only keep adequate, relevant and not excessive information so as to keep accurate information that provides an up to date record that we do not keep for long-range than necessary. All assessment information is processed in accordance with the individuals rights and kept secure with the admin team who, all t he while, provide learners with the opportunity to call for to see the information public authorities hold about them in line with the Freedom of information act (2000)Our storage and retrieval of information is watchword protected when online/ digital, and under lock and key when physical. The confidentiality of the data is paramount and our use of technology to share information with relevant parties eg learners, other assessors, employer, colleagues, organisation must bide by our protocol before it is considered. The college follows regulations covering sharing of assessment/ personal information following Ofquals lead as we protect the interests of learners and promoting public trustfulness in the national qualifications system (Ofqual, 2008, p3) through our thorough and rigorous approach to safeguarding information.By following these procedures the college follows the recognised standards for the Regulatory arrangements for the Qualifications and Credit framework (2008), He alth and safety at work (1974), and the Equality Act (2010) to help its own reputation as a good/ outstanding awarding organisation. This in turn helps the organisations vocational links to the SSC sector skills council and its industry standards of data protection while also increasing the skills and productivity of ourrespective sectors workforce under safe, professional circumstances. These guidelines provider us with influence as to how we can better development our own qualifications and apprenticeships. Edexcel is our primary awarding organisation so their policies and guidelines are arguably the most regularly used every day.

Red Dog Film

How does blushful Dog Use The Distinctively Visual to Present Unique Australian Ideas of Mateship?The film blood-red Dog, directed by Kriv Stenders, effectively uses the distinctly visual to present unique Australian ideas of fellaship and the harshness of the Australian inaccessible. It is though film techniques such as camera shots, sound, colour and lighting that creates the distinct images of the Australian identity.A number of different factors combined create this great film demonstrating the typical Australian values. These include the setting, the comedic script, wishful elements, the love story and the pure Australianness of the story and its characters. The film highlights the harshness of the Australian outback as well as the natural beauty of the region that serves as a scenic background for the close friendship in rural, working communities. However it is more than just a scenic backdrop, it is a landscape that portrays issues of actually real threat of isolation, starvation and death in the vast dry rural landscape. In Red Dog, the danger of the outback is demonstrated by John Grants sudden death on the desert road.In the opening sequence of the film, aerial shots are used to establish the setting and test the vastness of the landscape and the harshness of the environment. Many sound effects of bees, flies and crickets are heard by the audience as doubting Thomas walks to the bar, to indicate that the orbit around is a dry arid landscape.The film represents the hot, harsh Australian outback through the use of colour and lighting. In particular, the colour of the dust (rustic sanguine or orange) is an iconic and distinctly Australian outback colour. It symbolises the relentless heat in the outback. The degree of intensity is the strong blocks of bolshie that is established in this dig. The buttonlike colours and lighting and high saturation (strong colours) shows how stark the environment or heat is as well as the brightness of the sun. The orange or red tinges highlight the heat. Throughout the whole film, these warmer colours have been used to resemble Western Australia, one of the hottest, driest parts of Australia. The colours make the terrain look dry, hot, wasteland and somewhat isolated.In Red Dogs death scene, long shots are used to let the audience view the Australian outback terrain. This part of the scene opens up with an extreme long shot, highlighting the isolation that exists in the Pilbara and emphasises the vastness of this land. The film effectively provides a realistic portrayal of the harsh Australian outback through distinctly visual techniques such as camera shots, sound, colour and lighting.The familiar Australian bush-story theme of mateship, loyalty and respect between creation and dog, a traditional identity of Australian life, is conveyed in Red Dog. The director uses skilful camera and visual techniques to portray this stereotypical value of mateship. The director uses an human approa ch through the anthropomorphism in his representation of Red Dog.This can be seen when the character Jack begins to explain Red Dog to Thomas and states Its not what he did but who he was. This has the effect of privileging Red Dog as equal to Jack and everyone else. This also gives Red Dog an identity. He is not just some dog that they all loved, he had developed a personality and the townspeople understood Red Dog. Red Dog is a mate of the townspeople.Red Dog is a story about mateship, especially in the isolation of this big harsh country. It is a story about a man and his dog, or a dog and his master, told through the lens of mateship. The Australian notion of mateship is highlighted when Joko suggests that they erect a statue to somebody who lives and breathes desolation, somebody that has red dust stuck up their search and in their eyes and in their ears and up their arsesMates who are loyal by nature no design somebody that represents the Pilbara in all of us and I say that s omebody, dammit, IS A DOG It is also depicted in the line More than a mans best friend. A mate to the entire community. The unique Australian idea of mateship between dog and human is a key theme in Red Dog which is reflected victimization distinctively visual techniques.Unique Australian ideas of mateship and the harshness of the Australian outback are presented through the use of the distinctly visual in Stenderss film Red Dog. The director captures these Australian identities by using skilful camera and visual techniques, creating a film shaped with meaning and life.

Adolescence and Peer Influence

Adolescence is identified as a stage when an individual undergoes a process of growing up in order to arrest an adult. It involves a process when callows experience changes that occur physically and emotionally. Likewise, the whole process could hold out confusing and uncomfortable for the individual who is at the said phase (de Guzman, 2007). It is believed that m each of the younger raft who argon moving towards the process of adolescence atomic number 18 expanding their ranges in the social life. Likewise, complexities of social involvement withal expand. majority of the teenagers or adolescents ar geargond towards total independence.As such, the relationship and time of the teenager at home atomic number 18 less frequent (Smetana, 1988 Steinberg & Silverberg, 1986 Noller & Callan, 1991 cited in Jackson & Rodriguez-Tome, 1995, p. 1). Adolescents become more than shackle in activities that they think represents who they really ar. Through this, in that location is an i ncrease in the awareness of teenagers in their social surroundings.During the time of adolescence, partners play a substantial place in the lives of young people. Peers become the focus of the teenagers lifestyle and most of the activities that they carry out are affected by the associates that they befool (Berndt, 1989 Hartup, 1983 cited in Jackson & Rodriguez-Tome, 1995).It was observed that teenagers begin to build experiences that are intimate in nature, sometime exclusive which much becomes constant un homogeneous the friendships that they have during their younger years. The friendship that teenagers establish serves as an most-valuable way for them to develop because for majority of adolescents, helpmates are avenue where they could freely explore themselves.It is also with their peers that they feel they are accepted and secure. Likewise, the peers that the youths have allow them to forge things that could uplift there skills which they could later on use for their success (de Guzman, 2007). It was also posted that the social activities that adolescent have could affect their decisions and bet in participating with sexual relationships (Miller & Simon, 1980 Zani, 1991 cited in Jackson & Rodriguez-Tome, 1995, p. 1).Peer crops are said to be complex in nature. Various studies were carried out in order to apprehend the influences of peers during the period of adolescence and it was assemble out that adolescents could acquire arbitrary and negative influences from the peers that surrounds them. In order to further understand the changes that adolescents undergo, it is an imperative to know what peer pressure is and the usance that the peers play in the life of young adults (de Guzman, 2007).Peer pressure is identified as the pressures and influences that young adults feel from their social mates (Atwater, 1988 cited in Foreman, 2001, n.p.). It should be noted that peers are those people that adolescents look up to for support and sometimes for approval. Peers are also considered as factors that are inevitable and necessary during the adolescence stage. Interaction with peer groups enable adolescents to exercise behaviors that are new to them and serves as a tool for them to develop there social skills which in turn could be used in future interactions (Steinberg, 1996 cited in Foreman, 2001, n.p.).Peer pressure could be present in different domains. While many people tend to believe that peer influences are the reasons why teenagers engage in behaviors that are unhealthy and unsafe, there are many cases when peers influence teens to engage in activities that are collateral.According to studies regarding peer pressure, it was reported that many teens are pressured by their friends to engage in activities that are productive. Positive pressures from friends tend to motivate teenagers to engage in activities where they could excel such as athletics, music, community services, various extracurricular activities and forme r(a) effective endeavors.In fact, many of the teens claimed that the pressures they get from friends are more positive rather than act in the usage of drugs and sexual conducts. It was also supported by many parents that influence from peers posted a positive effect in the school performances of teenagers. Likewise, peers also augment the strengthening of family values. As such, this is a perspective of peer influence that drives adolescents to become well rounded persons and expand their domains in a positive manner (de Guzman, 2007).According to researches, influences from peers are a process where the teens are active recipients. The teens become friends with their peers because of the fact that they already have a lot of things in common which means that peers who enjoy doing things that are similar with their interest tend to gravitate towards each other (de Guzman, 2007). Although there are many instances where diversity could be seen among certain groups, researches also ind icate that teenagers are more believably to group themselves according to their similarities.Likewise, it was suggested that teenagers tend to reject people who are different from themselves. These differences could range from physical impairments, or different sets of educational motivation and interests. Nonetheless, the similarities among individuals appear to be an important factor during the socialization process because it serves as a data link for the young adult to create a bond with other people.Due to this, it is believed that teenagers who are not able to have a positive connection with other young adults during the time of adolescence could be at great risk of involving themselves with negative influences from different peer groups. It was perceived that adolescents who fail to establish positive bonds with their contemporaries become more distant and different which make them feel that they are not welcome.In this event, young individuals who received low standards o f acceptance are more likely to engage themselves with peer groups who share the same issue. Thus, it is easier to join peer groups that have less positive perspectives. In a greater sense, such groups are often contemplated as those who engage in activities that are anti-social and self-destructive (Pledge, 2003).The point has been made that peer influences could be positive despite of the negative connotations attached to this process of socialization. However, it should be noted that just like positive influences, peers could also brought about negative influences that could reinforce the adolescents decision of engaging in risky behaviors.Risky behaviors were identified as actions that could make outcomes that could be damaging physically, mentally and socially (Jessor, 1992 cited in Smith, 2001). Several types of risk behaviors include engagement in sexual activities, substance ill-usage, cigarette smoking and evil activities. Adolescent behaviors could be altered by peer gr oup influences through verbal and non-verbal means.Verbal pressure that is done directly is the most common way of acquire compliance from the young adult. For example, a certain peer group may not impose an adolescent to smoke however, the members of the group may say things like you are such a baby, just try it nothing wrong is going to happen which could insinuate the adolescent to smoke in order for him or her to look better in the eyes of his or her peers.Meanwhile a non-verbal persuasion could be done by staring at the adolescent for a great time until he or she feels uncomfortable which in the end is more likely to succumb in performing the behavior (Duryea, 1985 cited in Smith, 2001).Aside from verbal and non-verbal methods, peer pressure could also be seen in different forms. The pressure could take the form of challenges or dares, social acceptance and coercion and the influences could also vary depending on the age and gender of the adolescent (Hayes and Hofferth, 1987, p. 105).Sexual activitiesThere are limited researches that link peer influences in the early acquaintance with sexual activity. However, it was consistently presented that peer influence is an important factor that greatly affect the outset of sexual activities among adolescents.It was also suggested that the major source of sexual information are from same sex-peers (Libby and Carlson, 1973 Miller, 1976 Thornburg, 1978 cited in Hayes and Hofferth, 1987, p. 105). Likewise, an adolescent who believes that their samesex peers are sexually experienced and the liberal approach of his or her peers regarding sex are indicators that the teenager is more likely to engage with sexual activities.Thus, it was contemplated that majority of the teenagers actually engage in activities based from the perception of his or her peers attitudes and behaviors even if it is correct or not (Newcomer et al., 1980 cited Hayes and Hofferth, 1987, p. 105). Some findings indicate that whitened male teenage rs choose their peers in accordance to sexual activities that were carried out by the individuals within the circle while their black counterparts were neither influenced by the behavior of their friends or choose peers on such particular basis (Billy and Udry, 1983 cited Hayes and Hofferth, 105).Meanwhile, female adolescents could be persuaded to some extent based from their knowledge of what her female friends are engaging into yet it was manifested that adolescent girls are strongly influenced to practice the sexual act by their best male friends and sexual partners (Miller and Simon, 1974 Herold, 1980, Cvetkovich and Grote, 1980 Billy and Udry, 1983 cited in Hayes and Hofferth, 1987, p. 105).Moreover, it was found out that among adolescents age 10 to 14, the pressure in sexual involvement could be done through challenges and dares to the extent of fondling, kissing or even intercourse. such(prenominal) occurrence is prevalent among girls (Lewis and Lewis, 1984 cited in Hayes and Hofferth, 1987, p. 105) while only minor peer influences were recorded among black teenage boys and girls (Billy and Udry, 1984 cited in Hayes and Hofferth, 1987).Generally, white girls are more at risk of involving themselves with sexual activities due to peer pressure (Hayes and Hofferth, 1987).Substance abuseAside from sexual activities, it was reliably demonstrated that peer groups also play an important role in influencing the decisions of adolescent to initiate the usage of drugs and alcohol. Likewise, it was also recorded that peers also affect the decision of the teenagers to reject, continue experimentation or augment the usage of drugs and other substances (Bauman & Ennett, 1996 Darling & Cumsille, 2003 cited in Hankin and Abela, 2005, p. 366).As adolescent marks the development shift of young individuals towards the path of maturity, it is within the same period that adolescents tends to increase their involvement with peers and is the beginning of the experimentation s tage with drinking and smoking (Flory, Lynam, Milich, Leukfeld & Clayton, 2004 Sutherland & Shepherd, 2001 cited in Hankin and Abela, 2005, p. 366).As such, this strongly manifest that the involvement of an adolescent with a peer group is a substantial factor that top to the initial experimentation of drugs and other substance use. Moreover, various theories also point out that there is a strong relation with peer influence and initiation and escalation of substance abuse.Two notable theories are the Peer cluster theory (Oetting & Beauvais, 1998 cited in Hankin and Abela, 2005, p. 366) and the Primary socialization theory (Oetting & Donnermeyer, 1998 cited in Hankin and Abela, 2005, p. 366) indicates that normative and deviant social behaviors are the results of the interaction of characteristics that are cultural, social and psychological in nature. Thus, behaviors like smoking, drinking and drug usage are learned from the adolescents interaction with their peers.Crime activitiesA s it was said, the formation of peer groups is an important part in the development process of a young adult. Such formation may be viewed as a way of an individual to attach themselves with people whom they think they could share who they really are. One of the peer groups prevalent nowadays are adolescent gangs. Although adolescent gangs are considered as peer groups, it is contemplated as a group comprised of young individuals whose behaviors are perceived negatively by the society.As such, adolescent members of gangs tend to engage in activities that are violent and anti-social (Geldrald K. and Geldrald D., 2004, p. 36). Based from researches, adolescent gangs are accounted for a large number of crimes in the urban setting. Many adolescent tend to engage themselves with this type of peer groups because they believe that this is an avenue for them to be accepted and freely express themselves.Because of these reasons adolescents see gang membership as an option for them to build t heir individualism in any way possible whether it is wrong or right without thinking of the consequences.This is when peer pressure could be viewed as extremely powerful because adolescents who are members of gangs are more likely to engage themselves with risk like poor reputation, death, delinquency, substance abuse, infliction of transmitted diseases and early parenthood (Snyder, 2001).According to researches the very reason why many adolescents are vulnerable from the negative influences from their peers is because of the feeling of the need to belong in a particular group. Such needs lead many adolescents to take part in activities that could put them at risk. For majority of adolescents the need to belong to a particular peer group is an achievement of self-actualization and an attainment of the so called maturity and establishment of identity (Benthin, Slovic & Severson, 1993 cited in Smith, 2001).ConclusionBased from the facts that were presented in the study, it is apparen t that peers play a significant role in the lives of adolescents. Peer groups provide teenagers the feeling of belongingness and security. The influences of peers among adolescent could bring about positive end results which are actually important for the development of young individuals. Such positive influences from peers create a ground for adolescents to become well rounded people.Nonetheless, peer could also encourage negative influences among adolescents. The negative influences of peers may take the form of risky behaviors such as engagement in sexual activities, substance abuse and crime activities. It is also important to note that adolescents who are vulnerable to the negative influences of peer groups are those individuals that are not able to form connection with positive peer groups.Therefore, it is suggested that young individuals who encounter failures with forming bonds with peer groups should be taken into consideration in order to know the factors that affect their social involvement with other individuals. Moreover, it is also suggested that further analysis regarding the impact of peer influences should be investigated in order to further understand some of the points that were not presented in the study.

Summary Explaning English Grammar – Tense and Aspect

J. A SUMMARY TENSE AND aspect Over interpret Some basic meaning indications mingled with different stress unionizes argon offered in terms of the REMOTE (or non) and FACTUAL (or not) status of perceived situations including notes on the coming(prenominal), metre expressions, and the HISTORICAL PRESENT. A distinction is made between LEXICAL ASPECT, c one timerned with inherent properties of verb meaning such as STATIVE, DYNAMIC, PUNCTUAL, and DURATIVE, and grammatical ASPECT, concerned with an internal versus an external perspective on situations. Basic regulates The basic portion in a English sentence is the ver.We need to talk about TENSE, to describe different conditions of the verb. English has two distinct deform forms, PRESENT and PAST TENSE, and to two distinct forms for the perspective, PERFECT and PROGRESSIVE ASPECT. The MODAL VERB bequeath is embarrass typically as an indication of future reference. Basic English Verbs Forms Verb forms Examples Simple give I bop your Mercedes Present progressive you are standing too close to it. Simple then(prenominal) I cute a car just akin it.Past progressive you were aiming too high. Simple future I depart pass for it Future progressive you give be working forever Present perfect I drop worked hard earlier Present perfect progressive you have been working for nothing. Past perfect(pluperfect) I had saved my money Past perfect progressive you had been saving pennies Future perfect I will have saved enough Future perfect progressive you will have been saving in vainWe always need a basic verb (e. g. eat,, love,sleep) and a basic tense, either retiring(a) or present. With a tense (e. g. historical) and verb (e. g. eat, we squeeze out effect the simple verb coordinate in I ate. Changes the tense to present and we channel I eat. These basic elements, tense and verb are always required. We buttocks add a modal(a) element (e. g will) to get I will eat. We can besides include elements t hat indicate aspect, either prefect of progressive. If we include perfect aspect (i. e have + -en), we get the structure in I have eaten. It is only conventional to analyze the verb ending in the perfect + -en.Other verbs actually have different forms as endings,, as in the perfect aspect versions of I have loved and I have slept. We can also choose progressive aspect (i. e. be + -ing), so that different forms of the verb be are included before the basic verb, ending with + -ing as in I am ingest be is sleeping. The basic structure There is a very regular pattern in the organization of all these elements utilize to create English verb forms. Basic structure of English verb forms Tense Modal ideal advancing Verb PAST or PRESENT WILL collect+ EN Be + -ING VERBThe left to right order of components is indomitableEach component make fors the form of the component to its right PRESENT TENSE, HAVE + EN,BE + ING, sleep I have been sleeping. The first element is created from the i nfluence of PRESENT TENSE on HAVE(=have). The next element is created from the influence of + -EN (=been). The next element is formed by attaching + -ING to the verb sleep, once again at the end, to create SLEEP + -ING (=sleeping). When we choose different elements, we get different verb forms. Ex a. former(prenominal) tense, have + EN, love b. I had loved.In a the effect of PAST TENSE on the HAVE element creates had. The influence of the + -EN element on the verb love results in loved, as in b. Notice once again that the + -EN element actually becomes ed at the end of most English verbs. a. PAST TENSE, BE ING,sleep b. I was sleeping. In, the PAST TENSE element combines with BE to create was and the +ING element attaches to the verb sleep to yield sleeping, as in b. Its important for teachers to understand that a grammatical element that consists of two separate parts will always be very difficult to learn. Basic meaningsTense in English is not based on simple distinctions in time . Tense The basic tense distinction in English is marked by only two forms of the verb, the PAST TENSE (I lived there ten) and the PRESENT TENSE (I live here immediately). Conceptually, the present tense form ties the situation described closely to the inappropriate from the situation of utterance. The past tense form makes the situation described more contrasted from the situation of utterance. There is a very regular distinction in English which is marked by that versus now, there versus here, that versus thin, and past tense versus present tense.Situations in the future are treated differently. They are inherently non factual, still can be considered as either relatively certain (i. e. perceived as remote from happening) or relatively unlikely or even undoable (I. e. perceived as remote from happening). The verb form that is tradionally called the future tense is actually expressed via a modal verb which indicates the relative possibility of an event. This modal also has t wo forms which convey the closeness (I will live here) or the remoteness (I would live there) of some situation being the case viewed from the situation of utterance.Meanings of the basic verb forms Concepts Verb-forms Remote + factualNon remote + non factualNon-remote + non-factualRemote + non factual Past livedPresent liveFuture will liveHypothetical would live Events described by the simple paste tense form are presented as being facts and remote from the time of utterance. The simple present tense indicates that events (also treated as facts of being the case). Are non remote. The future Future events are not treated as facts, because are only possibilities. They are distinguished in terms of being non-remote possibilities versus remote possibilities.The forms of the verb used in statements about hypothetical (i. e. remote and non factual) such as 10, are usually described as past tense forms, but their reference is clearly not to past time. 10 If I was rich, I would change the world. pen to time The widely recognized difference in time between situations referred to via the past and the present tense forms can be interpreted in terms of remoteness (or non-remoteness) in time from the time of utterance. Generally, adverbial expressions of time are used to establish time frames within which situations can be described.They do not determine how the speaker may choose to mark the relative remoteness of the event via tense. Thus, an expression like today can establish a time frame for talking about events that the speaker can describe as remote, via the past tense(e. g I slept late), or non remote, via the present tense(e. g. Im tired). The speakers now These observations on tense in English would suggest that the widely used image of a time-line trail from the past (yesterday) through the present (today) to the future (tomorrow) is not, in fact, the basis of the grammatical category of tense.The speakers perspective The time line perspective Past time- present time future time The speakers perspective Remote non remote remote (non-factual) The common use of the past tense in English to represent reported speech, as 16 b, would seem to fit a more remote interpretation better than a past time interpretation. The difference between the direct speech of 16a and indirect speech of 16b is not a matter of time, but of distance from the reporting situation. 16 a. She said. I am waiting here. B. She said that she was waiting here.Aspect In order to talk about ASPECT, we have to look privileged the situation, In terms of its internal dimensions, a situation may be represented as fixed or changing, it may be treated as lasting for only a moment or having duration, and it can be viewed as complete or as ongoing. These are aspectual distinctions. Because aspect has to do with the kind of situation perceived or experienced, it can be expressed both lexically and grammatically. The grammatical expression of aspect is accomplished via the per fect and progressive forms of the verb. Stative impulsiveVerbs commonly used with STATIVE meanings gift to situations that are relatively constant over time and describe cognitive (i. e mental) states such as knowledge (know, understand), and emotion (hate, like) or relations (be,have). Most verbs are not used with stative meanings, but have the concept of change as an essential characteristic and apply to DYNAMIC situations. Dynamic situations can be divided into those viewed as having almost no duration (non durative aspect) versus those having duration (durative). Punctual or durative Verbs used with non-durative meanings typically describe isolated acts (kick, hit, smash).Another term for non-durative is punctual aspect, related to the point in time interpretation of expressions (fire a gun, smash a window) which do not extend through time. DURATIVE aspect is an essential feature of verbs that declare activities(run, eat). Types of lexical aspect Stative Dynamic Punctual Dura tive experience RelationsActs Activities ProcessesBelieve be hit eat becomeHate belong jump run changeKnow contain kick swim flowLike have stab walk growUnderstand own strike work hardenWant resemble throw write learn Those verbs that denote stative concepts in English tend not to be used with progressive forms.Those verbs that are typically used with punctual aspect, describing momentary acts (kick, cough), take on a slightly different meaning when used in the progressive form. Grammatical aspect The basic GRAMMATICAL distinction in English ASPECT is marked by two forms of the verb. These are traditionally described as versions of the verb be with the present participial (Verb+ ing) for the progressive, as in 20a, and versions of have with the past participle (Verb + -en/ed) for the perfect, as in 20b. 20. a. I am/was eating b. I have/had eaten Grammatical aspect Concept of situation Progressive viewed from the inside, in progress.Perfect viewed from the outside, in retrospect. c ombination lexical and grammatical aspect Grammatical aspect Lexical aspect Implicated meaning Perfect + dynamic Completed activity retrospectively viewed Perfect + stative Pre-existing state retrospectively viewed. Progressive + dynamic ongoing activity internally viewed Progressive + stative Temporary state internally viewed The tense of the verb will that implicated meaning to the situation of utterance. Meaning components of verb formsI PRESENT HAVE+-EN/ED BE + -ING work very hard Time of utterance external view I PRESENT HAVE+-EN/ED BE + -ING work very hard Time of utterance external view internal view dynamic activity in retrospect in progress(= at this time I look stand at myself in an activity viewed internally as in progress You PAST HAVE+-EN/ED BE + -ING learn a l ot Remote from external view internal view dynamic processTime of in retrospect in progress utterance (= at that I looked back at you in a process viewed internally as in progress). Meanings in contextThe disti nction in tense between remote (past) and non remote (present) has a typical application in organization information in discourse. instruction that is treated as part of the BACKGROUND will tend to be expressed in the past tense. Information that is of current concern, in the FOREGROUND, will be expressed in the present tense. Background exposure setting, particularly in stories, is often expressed in the past progressive. In narratives In less good writing, a similar distinction can be maintained between, present tense for presenting oecumenical statements and past tense for specific events. In narrative text, there can also be a general background versus foreground effect associated with different tenses.There is no obvious reason, in terms of narrating the events, why the stack of two people should be described in the past tense and that of another in the present. inwardly narratives that only use past tense, there is often a background role given to the past progressive an d a foreground role for the simple past. In spoken discourse The speaker uses the past progressive for the initial background, or scene-setting, then shifts into the present tense to highlight the salient event in the story and her own internal reaction. Background and foreground information Background information past tense (Specific acts, events, old focus, settings) Foreground information present tense (General statements, facts, new focus, changes).

Landforms on the earth’s surface

The Earths surface keister be described as world rough or smooth. Various geologic processes constantly remodel the earths surface. Some geological processes, such as those that make mountains or wear them down, typically take place at invisible rates. Sudden events, however, can change the landscape in a minute. Rates of these geological processes vary. individually real has its individual arrangement of landforms, though similarities do exist. For example, high mountain ranges ar located on the western military positions of both north-central and South America, since the two continents make up basically one land mass. A landform comprises a geomorphologic unit. Landforms are categorised by characteristics such as elevation, slope, orientation, stratification, oscillate exposure, and soil type. Landforms by name include mounds, hills, cliffs, vales, and so forth. A number of factors, ranging from plate tectonics to erosion and deposition can generate and affect landforms. In this article, I have chosen severing Valley.A rift vale is a valley created by the organic law of a rift. Rift valleys are produced by tensional tectonic forces, which occur at divergent plate boundaries. Uninhabitable desert and fertile farmland, flat arid plains and conscienceless escarpments characterize todays Rift Valley.Some 20 million years ago, the earths crust slashed and tore itself apart creating a jagged rift, thousands of kilometres long, across the African continent. The land on either boldness erupted creating great volcanic mountains, while the valley floor gradually sank into a low flat plain. This geologic phenomenon, dubbed the Great Rift Valley by the Scottish explorer John Walter Gregory, divides Kenya neatly down the aloofness of the country essentially separating east from west. Africas Great Rift Valley is a 6,000-mile crack (fissure) in the earths crust, reach from Lebanon to Mozambique.Geologists know that violent subterranean forces that tore apa rt the earths crust formed the Rift Valley. These forces caused huge chunks of the crust to sink between parallel fault lines and force up molten rock in volcanic eruptions. Evidence that this process, called rifting, is still in progress comes from the many alert and semi-active ventholees, located along the Rift.The Cenozoic rift transcription of Eastern Africa extends from the Afar Depression in the north to beyond Lake Malawi in the south, a distance of about 5600 km. Close to the Equator it is made up of eastern and western rifts to either side of the Lake Victoria Basin.The most extensive rift valley is located along the crest of the mid-ocean ridge system and is the result of seafloor dispersion. Existing continental rift valleys are usually the result of a failed arm (aulacogen) of a triple junction. Examples besides the Great Rift Valley include the Mississippi embayment and the Rio Grande Rift in North America. In some places this natural divide is up to coke km (60 m iles) wide, while it reaches its narrowest point honorable north of Nairobi at 45 km wide.The valley floor is at its lowest dear Lake Turkana where there is virtually no distinction between the Great Rift and the surrounding desert. As it heads south, however, the valley walls form sheer cliffs rising to 1,900 km (6,232 ft) at Lake Naivasha. After Naivasha, the valley descends again to 580 meters (1,902 feet) at the Tanzanian border. Subterranean movement is common today as the Rift Valley is home to thirty active and semi-active volcanoes and countless hot springs along its length. This string of alkaline lakes and boiling springs northwest of Nairobi includes Lake Baringo, Lake Bogoria, Lake Nakuru, Lake Elementaita, Lake Naivasha, and Lake Magadi in the south.These lakes are unique because their water is highly concentrated sodium carbonate. This situation is caused by the high alkalinity from the surrounding volcanic rocks coupled with poor drainage outlets due to the steep si des of the valley. The high evaporation of the surface lake water results in sodium carbonate, which, in turn, creates an ideal breeding ground for algae.Several species of fish, tilapia in particular, thrives in this milieu. As a result, millions of birds flock to these soda lakes to feast on the abundant food supply of algae and fish. Each of the lakes in the Rift Valley string has a slightly different water composition ranging.The formation of the Rift Valley continues, probably driven by mantle plumes and ultimately a result of the African supers well. The associated geothermal activity and spreading at the rift has caused the geosphere to thin from a typical 100 km thickness for continents to a mere 20 km. Within a few million years, the lithosphere may rupture and eastern Africa will split off to form a new landmass. If spreading continues, this will lead to the formation of a new mid-ocean ridge.The Ol Doinyo Lengai volcano remains active, and is currently the only natrocar bonatite volcano in the world.The Rift Valley has been a rich source of anthropological discovery, especially in an theater of operations known as Piedmont. Because the rapidly eroding highlands have filled the valley with sediments, a favourable environment for the preservation of remains has been created. The bones of several hominid ancestors of modern humans have been found there, including those of Lucy, a nearly complete australopithecine skeleton, which was discovered by anthropologist Donald Johanson. Richard and Meave Leakey have also done significant micturate in this region.References1)Geography. (2006). In Britannica Student Encyclopaedia. Retrieved July 4, 2006, from Encyclopdia Britannica Premium Service http//www.britannica.com/ebi/article-201425.2)The Physical Geography of Africa.W. M. Adams editor, A. S. Goudie editor, A. R. Orme editor. Publisher Oxford University Press. Place of consequence Oxford. Publication Year 1999. Page Number 18.3)Population and Energ y A Systems Analysis of Resource Utilization in the Dominican Republic. Contributors Gustavo A. Antonini author, Katherine Carter Ewel author, Howard M. Tupper author. Publisher Florida Presses. Place of Publication Gainesville. Publication Year 1975.